Rationale for multi-dimensional microscopy

Revision as of 15:45, 30 April 2009

Many complex and dynamic tissue microenvironments play critical roles in health and disease – examples include stem-cell niches, brain tissue surrounding neuroprosthetic devices, retinal tissue, tumors, cancer stem-cell niches, and immune system components. Progress in these areas is much too slow compared to the need. Much of the biology remains unknown Therapeutic potential remains unrealized. Grand Challenges wait to be tackled. There is a compelling need to accelerate progress.

Why Imaging?

Imaging is the process of mapping an observable physical property over a region of space on a point-by-point basis. It is one of many investigational tools available, so it makes sense to have an accurate understanding of its 'value added'. As noted above, there is a need to speed up progress in the life sciences. Many high-throughput investigational technologies have been developed (and continue to be developed) to address this need. For example, many types of gene and protein microarrays have been developed that allow a large number of genes and proteins to be studied at once. This is powerful, but suffers from an important limitation. Obtaining this information requires one to 'grind up' all the cells. This process disrupts cellular structure, and loses all location information. We no longer know where a protein of interest is located within a cell. Obtaining spatial information requires imaging

Another high-throughput method is flow cytometry, that allows scientists to observe large numbers of cells in a short period. Tissues are broken up to the point that the cells of interest are suspended in a liquid medium. These suspended cells are then made to flow past optical sensors that record fluorescent signals. More advanced instruments even permit sorting of cells based on the recorded signals. Finally, some of the newer instruments, known as imaging flow cytometers can also record images of individual cells as they flow past the sensor. This method can preserve some amount of intra-cellular location information. However, flow-based methods inevitably disrupt tissue structure. We lose all information about the spatial arrangement and juxtaposition of cells in tissue. For many studies, this type of tissue context information is important.

In summary, methods that disrupt cell & tissue structure miss vital information on sub-cellular localization, location of cells in the tissue & relative to implanted devices (if any), structure of the cellular microenvironment, spatial relationships among cell & tissue entities, spatial dynamics of entities, and interactions. Only imaging of intact cells & tissue can provide these types of information.

Why Multi-dimensional Imaging?

In a nutshell, multi-dimensional images offer dramatically more information about living systems, and offer important opportunities for advancing research. Let us examine some aspects of the information captured by multi-dimensional imaging. The figure below provides a graphical summary.

3-D Structure (Anatomy): First of all, three-dimensional (x,y,z) images of thick, intact slices provide a far more accurate and complete description of the tissue anatomy compared to thin 2-D slices.

Next, they can record multiple structures simultaneously in a manner that preserves their spatial inter-relationships. This allows us to make associative measurements in addition to traditional morphological measurements (we call them intrinsic measurements). Such four-dimensional imaging (x,y,z,λ) is usually accomplished using multiple fluorescent labels that tag the structures of interest with a high degree of molecular specificity. Finally, it is now possible to capture such 3-D multi-channel images of living systems in the form of a time-lapse movie (image sequence (x,y,z,t)) that reveals dynamic processes in the tissues. Using all of the available imaging dimensions (x,y,z,λ,t), we can now observe living processes in their native tissue habitat. Ongoing progress in this field is producing microscopes that can resolve much finer structures, produce images much faster, and on a much larger scale. In the future, one can expect further growth in the number of possible dimensions. For instance, fluorescence lifetimes indicate molecular nano-environments, and the inclusion of additional modalities such as phase, polarization and non-linear scatter will undoubtedly provide additional data.